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Psychological
Review

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July 1995 Vol. 102, No. 3, 458-489
© 1995 by the American Psychological Association
For personal use only—not for distribution
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Where Is the Child's Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development
Judith Rich Harris
Middletown, New Jersey
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Abstract
Do parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child's personality? This article examines the evidence and concludes that the answer is no. A new theory of development is proposed: that socialization is context-specific and that outside-the-home socialization takes place in the peer groups of childhood and adolescence. Intra- and intergroup processes, not dyadic relationships, are responsible for the transmission of culture and for environmental modification of children's personality characteristics. The universality of children's groups explains why development is not......

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