Evolution
Evolutionary ideas such as common descent and the transmutation of species have existed since at least the 6th century BCE, when they were expounded by the Greek philosopher Anaximander. Such views rose to prominence in the 18th century, but the first convincing exposition of a mechanism by which evolutionary change could occur was not proposed until 1858, when Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace jointly presented the theory of evolution by natural selection to the Linnean Society of London in separate papers. Shortly after, the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species popularized and provided detailed support for the theory.
Although the occurrence of evolution came to be widely accepted, Darwin's specific ideas about it, such as gradualism and natural selection, were strongly contested at first. Lamarckists argued that parents passed on adaptations which they acquired during their lifetimes. Giraffes, for example, were thought to have acquired long necks by......
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