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The Process Of An Initial Public Offering (Ipo). The Underpricing Problem.

1. Introduction
All companies need to raise capital at one time or another, first of all to start-up their business, and then to finance new projects and expand operations. Most of them start out by raising money from private sources, with no liquid market existing if the investors wish to sell their stock. A lot of new ventures rely initially on these internal funds, which come mostly from relatives and friends; some other firms, instead, receive help from the so-called “angel investors”. Furthermore, in some countries as Italy, debt (bank loans) is the main form of financing. Indeed, even after the start-up, there are many successful entrepreneurs (e.g. IKEA, Domino’s Pizza and Levi Strauss) who continue to operate successfully as private, unlisted companies.
Anyway, if a company prospered, it would need additional equitiy capital. To raise it, a firm usually “go public”; it means that it starts selling a portion of itself to a large number of diversified investors.......


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Approximate Word Count: 3253
Approximate Pages: 14 (250 words per double-spaced page)

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