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- Quasi Experimental Design: If the researcher lacks control over the assignment of participants to conditions and does not manipulate the causal variable of interest, the design is quasi experimental.
o Quasi Experiments do not have internal validity because participants are not randomly assigned to conditions and the researcher may have no control over the independent variable.

- Basic Confounds in Quasi Experimental Design are :
o History
o Maturation (Emotional, Physical & Psychological)
o Mortality
o Testing

- One Group pretest-Post test design :
o Poor research strategy because it fails to eliminate most threats to internal validity.
o History, Maturation, Mortality and testing are some examples of the confounds in this experiment
 Ex: Drug use between O1 and O2:
• Could have been because students may have matured from the pre test to post test (Maturation effects)
• Could have been because one of the popular rock artist died of drug overdose which......

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