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Suffering & Civilization
Suffering, or pain in this sense, is a basic affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm in an individual. It constitutes the negative basis of affective states such as emotions, feelings, moods, sentiments, while pleasure or happiness constitutes the positive basis. Suffering may be called physical or mental, depending on whether it is linked primarily to a body process or a mind process. Examples of physical suffering are pain “as a sensation”, nausea, breathlessness, and itching. Examples of mental suffering are anxiety, grief, hatred, and boredom. The intensity of suffering comes in all degrees, from the mild to the unspeakably insufferable.
Sigmund Freud discusses three sources of human suffering in Civilization and discontents which were the human body, the world, and social relations. The human body causes suffering because it is feeble and weak. Because humans are mortal, it leaves us susceptible......

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Approximate Pages: 2 (250 words per double-spaced page)

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