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Like the copyright laws of almost all countries, the U.S. Copyright Law provides for exceptions that permit certain acts which would otherwise be actionable as copyright infringements. These provisions, known as the "fair use" provisions apply to all copyright works and provide exceptions from copyright protection for "purposes such as criticism, comment, news, reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use) scholarship or research". In deciding whether a use is fair, courts must consider:
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;

(2) the nature of copyrighted work;

(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and

(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
On October 25, 1992 the Fair Use Provision was amended to make it clear that "The fact a work is not......

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