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The academic study of medicine in the medieval world was based largely on the works of the ancient Greeks, including Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen. A Byzantine physician was Alexander of Tralles, whose medical books were used throughout Europe in the following centuries. Institutional medicine was unknown in Europe during the early Middle Ages. Within the Byzantine state, however, hospitals-where the sick and injured could receive care-were established as parts of monastic communities.
The study of medical books originating in the Byzantine world had a strong influence on the practice of medicine in the rest of Europe. At the same time , medical study in western Europe was largely confined to monks and the Christian clergy. Medical education was offered at cathedral schools and , by the thirteenth century, at universities.
In the following decades medicine, surgery, and healing gradually became more of secular fields of knowledge, founded on philosophical principles......

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