From Village To City
In the period immediately preceding the emergence of the first cities, three major society-shaping changes also took place. First, major advances in agricultural technology allowed those with other skills to trade of food instead of sustenance farming. Second, community decision-making was taken out of the hands of the village elders and given to a single leader, the chieftain. Lastly, organized religion came into being, replacing more personal forms of worship. Without any of these shifts, the city, as we know it, could not have come to be. According to Mumford, "To interpret what happened in the city, one must deal equally with the technics, politics, and religion, above all with the religious side of the transformation," (1961, p. 33).
In prehistoric times it was necessary for everyone to spend the majority of their time collecting food. Hunting and food gathering at that time sustained less than ten people per square mile (Mumford, 1961, p. 10), and the technology to store......
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