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Antony Flew (1955) introduces the concept of theology and falsification by referring to John Wisdom's parable of the Believer and the Skeptic in reference to the existence of a beautiful garden in the jungle. The Believer asserts that there must be a gardener taking care of it regardless of whether he can be seen, heard or felt, while the Skeptic believes there is no gardener and the garden blooms independently of a caretaker. Even after setting a watch, patrolling with dogs and setting up an electrified fence, there is no physical evidence of a gardener, only the presence of a garden. However, the Believer in the parable does not waiver from his belief in the existence of the gardener despite the efforts of the Skeptic to question acceptance of this person based on the lack of physical evidence for his/her existence. The Skeptic questions the Believer's original assertion (Flew, 1955): "How is an invisible, intangible gardener any different from an imaginary gardener or no gardener......

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